Flyvbjerg, Bent, Mette K. Skamris Holm, and Søren L. Buhl. 2005. “How (In)accurate Are Demand Forecasts in Public Works Projects? The Case of Transportation.” Journal of the American Planning Association 71(2) 131-146.
"Key References: Infrastructure Challenges and How PPPs Can Help - Problems with Infrastructure"
This study of 210 transport projects in 14 countries finds that traffic was overestimated for nine out of ten rail projects, by an average of 106 percent. The accuracy of traffic forecasts also varies for roads, but on average road traffic was found to be under-estimated.